Storm surges in Canadian waters

Storm surges in various Canadian waters are reviewed. Following a brief discussion of the weather systems that cause surges in Canadian coastal and inland waters, the mathematical formulations to describe the development of storm surges are given. In reviewing storm surges in the different Canadian waters, particular attention is given to describe the influence of the presence of sea ice on surge development and the impact of shallow coastal areas, where the coastline configuration is itself changed by the surge, on inland penetration of the east and west coasts, the Beaufort Sea, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence estuary, Hudson Bay and the Great Lakes.(AU)